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Module A2: Cross-Cutting Concerns

In this module, you'll learn patterns for concerns that span multiple rules: timing, notices, appeals, and escalation. Find a full working example at the end.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this module, you will be able to:

  • Model complex timing requirements
  • Implement notice-and-cure patterns
  • Build appeal procedures
  • Create escalation chains

Cross-Cutting Concerns

Some patterns appear repeatedly across legal rules:

Concern Example
Timing "within 30 days", "as soon as practicable"
Notices "Commissioner may issue notice", "cure period"
Appeals "may appeal within 21 days"
Escalation Warning → Penalty → Suspension → Removal
Grace Periods "10-day grace period before late fee"

Rather than copy-paste these patterns, we create reusable abstractions.

Timing Patterns

Basic Deadlines

-- Simple deadline: fixed number of days
GIVEN party IS A Actor
      action IS A Action
      deadline IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation within days` MEANS
    PARTY party
    MUST action
    WITHIN deadline
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST BREACH

Relative Deadlines

Deadlines relative to events:

-- "Within 30 days of receiving notice"
GIVEN party IS A Actor
      action IS A Action
      `the trigger date` IS A NUMBER  -- Day number when trigger occurred
      `the day limit` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation after trigger` MEANS
    PARTY party
    MUST action
    WITHIN (`the trigger date` + `the day limit`)
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST BREACH

"As Soon As Practicable"

Vague statutory language requires interpretation:

-- Common interpretations of "as soon as practicable"
DECLARE `Practicable Deadline` IS ONE OF
    Immediate  -- Within 24 hours
    Prompt     -- Within 7 days
    Reasonable -- Within 14 days
    Extended   -- Within 30 days

GIVEN timing IS A `Practicable Deadline`
GIVETH A NUMBER
`practicable days` MEANS
    CONSIDER timing
    WHEN Immediate THEN 1
    WHEN Prompt THEN 7
    WHEN Reasonable THEN 14
    WHEN Extended THEN 30

Business Days vs Calendar Days

-- Rough conversion: 5 business days ≈ 7 calendar days
GIVEN `business days` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A NUMBER
`to calendar days` MEANS
    (`business days` * 7) / 5

-- 10 business days
`ten business days` MEANS `to calendar days` 10  -- ≈ 14 calendar days

Notice-and-Cure Pattern

Many regulations follow a notice-and-cure pattern:

  1. Violation detected
  2. Notice issued with deadline
  3. Cure period to fix the issue
  4. Consequence if not cured

Generic Notice-and-Cure

GIVEN regulator IS A Actor
      regulated IS A Actor
      violation IS A STRING
      `the cure period` IS A NUMBER
      `the consequence` IS A Action
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`notice and cure` MEANS
    PARTY regulator
    MAY `issue warning notice` violation
    HENCE
        PARTY regulated
        MUST `cure violation`
        WITHIN `the cure period`
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST
            PARTY regulator
            MAY `the consequence`
            HENCE BREACH BY regulated BECAUSE "failed to cure violation"
    -- If notice not issued, no further action required

Real Example: Required Steps Notice

From the Jersey Charities Law:

-- Article 27: Required Steps Notice procedure

DECLARE `Required Steps Notice`
    HAS `the notice id` IS A STRING
        `the issued date` IS A NUMBER
        `the steps` IS A LIST OF STRING
        `the deadline` IS A NUMBER

GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
      notice IS A `Required Steps Notice`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`required steps procedure` MEANS
    -- Commissioner issues notice
    PARTY `the Commissioner`
    MUST `serve Required Steps Notice`
    WITHIN 30
    HENCE (
        -- Charity must comply
        PARTY `the charity` charity
        MUST `take required steps` notice
        WITHIN notice's `the deadline`
        HENCE
            -- If complied, Commissioner MUST publish
            PARTY `the Commissioner`
            MUST `publish compliance`
            WITHIN 14
            HENCE FULFILLED
            LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to publish compliance"
        LEST
            -- If not complied, Commissioner MAY deregister
            PARTY `the Commissioner`
            MAY `deregister charity`
            HENCE BREACH BY (`the charity` charity) BECAUSE "failed to take required steps"
        )
    LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to serve notice"

Appeal Procedures

Appeals are a special pattern: they suspend the original decision and create a new proceeding.

Generic Appeal Structure

-- Standard appeal pattern
DECLARE `Appeal Outcome` IS ONE OF
    `appeal allowed`
    `appeal dismissed`
    `appeal partially allowed` HAS `the modifications` IS A STRING

GIVEN appellant IS A Actor
      `the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`right to appeal` MEANS
    PARTY appellant
    MAY `lodge appeal`
    WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
    HENCE
        -- Appeal body must decide
        PARTY `the appeal body`
        MUST `determine appeal`
        WITHIN 90  -- Typical statutory deadline
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal in time"

Appeal with Suspension Effect

-- Appeal suspends the original decision
GIVEN decision IS A Decision
      appellant IS A Actor
      `the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`suspensive appeal` MEANS
    PARTY appellant
    MAY `lodge appeal against` decision
    WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
    HENCE
        -- Appeal must be determined
        PARTY `the appeal body`
        MUST `determine appeal against` decision
        WITHIN 90
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal"

Real Example: Charity Decision Appeals

-- Article 33: Appeal Commissioner decision to Royal Court

GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
      decision IS A `Commissioner Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`appeal commissioner decision` MEANS
    PARTY `the charity` charity
    MAY `hear appeal` decision
    WITHIN 21  -- 21 days from notification
    HENCE
        PARTY `the Royal Court`
        MUST `hear appeal` decision
        -- No statutory deadline for hearing in original law
        HENCE CONSIDER `court decision`
                WHEN Upheld THEN
                    `original decision takes effect`
                WHEN Quashed THEN
                    `decision has no effect`
                WHEN Varied `the new decision` THEN
                    `varied decision takes effect` `the new decision`
        LEST BREACH BY `the Royal Court` BECAUSE "failed to hear appeal"

Escalation Chains

Many enforcement regimes have graduated responses:

Generic Escalation

-- Escalation: Warning → Fine → Suspension → Removal

GIVEN subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`escalation chain` MEANS
    -- Level 1: Warning
    PARTY `the regulator`
    MAY `issue warning`
    HENCE
        PARTY subject
        MUST `comply with warning`
        WITHIN 30
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST
            -- Level 2: Fine
            PARTY `the regulator`
            MAY `impose fine`
            HENCE
                PARTY subject
                MUST `pay fine and comply`
                WITHIN 14
                HENCE FULFILLED
                LEST
                    -- Level 3: Suspension
                    PARTY `the regulator`
                    MAY `suspend registration`
                    HENCE
                        PARTY subject
                        MUST `remedy and apply for reinstatement`
                        WITHIN 60
                        HENCE FULFILLED
                        LEST
                            -- Level 4: Removal
                            PARTY `the regulator`
                            MUST `remove from register`
                            HENCE BREACH

Escalation with Bypass

Sometimes serious violations skip early steps:

GIVEN violation IS A Violation
      subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`enforcement response` MEANS
    IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Critical
    THEN
        -- Immediate suspension for critical violations
        PARTY `the regulator`
        MUST `suspend immediately`
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the regulator` BECAUSE "failed to suspend critical violation"
    ELSE IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Serious
         THEN
             -- Skip warning for serious violations, go straight to fine
             PARTY `the regulator`
             MAY `impose fine`
             HENCE
                 PARTY subject
                 MUST `pay fine and comply`
                 WITHIN 14
                 HENCE FULFILLED
                 LEST BREACH BY subject BECAUSE "failed to pay fine"
         ELSE
             -- Start with warning for minor violations
             `escalation chain` subject

Grace Periods

Grace periods delay consequences:

-- Payment with grace period before late fee applies
GIVEN debtor IS A Actor
      amount IS A NUMBER
      `the due date` IS A NUMBER
      `the grace period` IS A NUMBER
      `the late fee rate` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`payment with grace` MEANS
    PARTY debtor
    MUST `pay` amount
    WITHIN `the due date`
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST
        -- Grace period with late fee
        PARTY debtor
        MUST `pay with late fee` `the late amount`
        WITHIN `the grace deadline`
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY debtor BECAUSE "failed to pay within grace period"
    WHERE
        `the late amount` MEANS amount * (1 + `the late fee rate`)
        `the grace deadline` MEANS `the due date` + `the grace period`

Exercise: Model a Procedure

Encode this procedure:

Licence Renewal Procedure:

  1. Licence holder must apply for renewal 30 days before expiry
  2. If not applied in time, 14-day grace period with late fee
  3. After grace period, licence suspended
  4. Suspended licence can be reinstated within 60 days by paying reinstatement fee
  5. After 60 days, licence is revoked with right to appeal within 21 days
Solution 
-- Separate party type for licence procedures
DECLARE `Licence Party` IS ONE OF
    Holder HAS `the holder name` IS A STRING

-- Licence actions
DECLARE `Licence Action` IS ONE OF
    `apply for renewal`
    `apply with late fee`
    `apply for reinstatement`
    `lodge licence appeal`

GIVEN holder IS A `Licence Party`
      `the expiry date` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC `Licence Party` `Licence Action`
`licence renewal procedure` MEANS
    PARTY holder
    MUST `apply for renewal`
    WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30)  -- 30 days before expiry
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST
        -- Grace period with late fee
        PARTY holder
        MUST `apply with late fee`
        WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30 + 14)  -- 14 day grace period
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST
            -- Reinstatement period after suspension
            PARTY holder
            MAY `apply for reinstatement`
            WITHIN 60
            HENCE FULFILLED
            LEST
                -- Revocation with appeal right
                PARTY holder
                MAY `lodge licence appeal`
                WITHIN 21
                HENCE FULFILLED
                -- If no appeal filed, licence is revoked

Full Example

-- Module A2: Cross-Cutting Concerns - Examples
-- This file demonstrates patterns for concerns that span multiple rules:
-- timing, notices, appeals, escalation, and grace periods.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 1: Type Definitions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Actor types for various procedures
DECLARE Actor IS ONE OF
    `the Commissioner`
    `the charity` HAS `the charity record` IS A `Registered Charity`
    `the regulator`
    `the appeal body`
    `the Royal Court`

-- Separate party type for licence procedures
DECLARE `Licence Party` IS ONE OF
    Holder HAS `the holder name` IS A STRING

-- Action types for regulatory procedures
DECLARE Action IS ONE OF
    `take action`
    `comply with requirement`
    `issue warning notice` HAS `the violation` IS A STRING
    `cure violation`
    `impose penalty`
    `serve Required Steps Notice`
    `take required steps` HAS `the notice` IS A `Required Steps Notice`
    `publish compliance`
    `deregister charity`
    `lodge appeal`
    `determine appeal`
    `lodge appeal against` HAS `the decision` IS A Decision
    `determine appeal against` HAS `the decision` IS A Decision
    `hear appeal` HAS `the decision` IS A `Commissioner Decision`
    `issue warning`
    `comply with warning`
    `impose fine`
    `pay fine and comply`
    `suspend registration`
    `remedy and apply for reinstatement`
    `remove from register`
    `suspend immediately`
    `pay` HAS `the payment amount` IS A NUMBER
    `pay with late fee` HAS `the total amount` IS A NUMBER

-- Licence actions
DECLARE `Licence Action` IS ONE OF
    `apply for renewal`
    `apply with late fee`
    `apply for reinstatement`
    `lodge licence appeal`

-- Severity levels for violations
DECLARE Severity IS ONE OF
    Minor
    Serious
    Critical

-- Violation record
DECLARE Violation
    HAS `the description` IS A STRING
        `the penalty` IS A NUMBER
        `the severity` IS A Severity

-- Charity types
DECLARE `Charity Status` IS ONE OF
    Active
    Suspended
    Dissolved

DECLARE `Registered Charity`
    HAS `the charity name` IS A STRING
        `the registration number` IS A STRING
        `the status` IS A `Charity Status`

-- Decision types
DECLARE Decision
    HAS `the decision id` IS A STRING
        `the description` IS A STRING

DECLARE `Commissioner Decision`
    HAS `the decision id` IS A STRING
        `the decision type` IS A STRING
        `the affected charity` IS A `Registered Charity`

-- Court decision outcomes
DECLARE `Court Decision` IS ONE OF
    Upheld
    Quashed
    Varied HAS `the new decision` IS A Decision

-- Notice types
DECLARE `Required Steps Notice`
    HAS `the notice id` IS A STRING
        `the issued date` IS A NUMBER
        `the steps` IS A LIST OF STRING
        `the deadline` IS A NUMBER

-- Practicable deadline interpretations
DECLARE `Practicable Deadline` IS ONE OF
    Immediate  -- Within 24 hours
    Prompt     -- Within 7 days
    Reasonable -- Within 14 days
    Extended   -- Within 30 days

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 2: Timing Patterns
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Convert "as soon as practicable" to specific day count
GIVEN timing IS A `Practicable Deadline`
GIVETH A NUMBER
`practicable days` MEANS
    CONSIDER timing
    WHEN Immediate THEN 1
    WHEN Prompt THEN 7
    WHEN Reasonable THEN 14
    WHEN Extended THEN 30

-- Convert business days to calendar days (approximate)
-- 5 business days ≈ 7 calendar days
GIVEN `business days` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A NUMBER
`to calendar days` MEANS (`business days` * 7) / 5

-- Example: 10 business days converted
`ten business days` MEANS `to calendar days` 10  -- ≈ 14 calendar days

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 3: Basic Deadline Obligations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Simple deadline: fixed number of days
GIVEN party IS A Actor
      action IS A Action
      deadline IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation within days` MEANS
    PARTY party
    MUST action
    WITHIN deadline
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST BREACH

-- Relative deadline: within N days after a trigger event
GIVEN party IS A Actor
      action IS A Action
      `the trigger date` IS A NUMBER  -- Day number when trigger occurred
      `the day limit` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation after trigger` MEANS
    PARTY party
    MUST action
    WITHIN (`the trigger date` + `the day limit`)
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST BREACH

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 4: Notice-and-Cure Pattern
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Generic notice-and-cure: violation detected, notice issued, cure period,
-- then consequence if not cured
GIVEN regulator IS A Actor
      regulated IS A Actor
      violation IS A STRING
      `the cure period` IS A NUMBER
      `the consequence` IS A Action
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`notice and cure` MEANS
    PARTY regulator
    MAY `issue warning notice` violation
    HENCE
        PARTY regulated
        MUST `cure violation`
        WITHIN `the cure period`
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST
            PARTY regulator
            MAY `the consequence`
            HENCE BREACH BY regulated BECAUSE "failed to cure violation"
    -- If notice not issued, no further action required

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 5: Required Steps Notice (Jersey Charities Law Example)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Article 27: Required Steps Notice procedure
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
      notice IS A `Required Steps Notice`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`required steps procedure` MEANS
    -- Commissioner issues notice
    PARTY `the Commissioner`
    MUST `serve Required Steps Notice`
    WITHIN 30
    HENCE (
        -- Charity must comply
        PARTY `the charity` charity
        MUST `take required steps` notice
        WITHIN notice's `the deadline`
        HENCE
            -- If complied, Commissioner MUST publish
            PARTY `the Commissioner`
            MUST `publish compliance`
            WITHIN 14
            HENCE FULFILLED
            LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to publish compliance"
        LEST
            -- If not complied, Commissioner MAY deregister
            PARTY `the Commissioner`
            MAY `deregister charity`
            HENCE BREACH BY (`the charity` charity) BECAUSE "failed to take required steps"
        )
    LEST
        BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to serve notice"

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 6: Appeal Procedures
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Standard appeal pattern
DECLARE `Appeal Outcome` IS ONE OF
    `appeal allowed`
    `appeal dismissed`
    `appeal partially allowed` HAS `the modifications` IS A STRING

-- Right to appeal with deadline
GIVEN appellant IS A Actor
      `the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`right to appeal` MEANS
    PARTY appellant
    MAY `lodge appeal`
    WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
    HENCE
        -- Appeal body must decide
        PARTY `the appeal body`
        MUST `determine appeal`
        WITHIN 90  -- Typical statutory deadline
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal in time"

-- Appeal with suspension effect
GIVEN decision IS A Decision
      appellant IS A Actor
      `the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`suspensive appeal` MEANS
    PARTY appellant
    MAY `lodge appeal against` decision
    WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
    HENCE
        -- Appeal must be determined
        PARTY `the appeal body`
        MUST `determine appeal against` decision
        WITHIN 90
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal"

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 7: Article 33 - Appeal to Royal Court (Jersey Charities Law)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Placeholder functions for court decisions
`original decision takes effect` MEANS FULFILLED
`decision has no effect` MEANS FULFILLED

GIVEN `the new decision` IS A Decision
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`varied decision takes effect` MEANS FULFILLED

-- Article 33: Appeal Commissioner decision to Royal Court
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
      decision IS A `Commissioner Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`appeal commissioner decision` MEANS
    PARTY `the charity` charity
    MAY `hear appeal` decision  -- Note: using available action
    WITHIN 21  -- 21 days from notification
    HENCE
        PARTY `the Royal Court`
        MUST `hear appeal` decision
        -- No statutory deadline for hearing in original law
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the Royal Court` BECAUSE "failed to hear appeal"

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 8: Escalation Chains
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Escalation: Warning → Fine → Suspension → Removal
GIVEN subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`escalation chain` MEANS
    -- Level 1: Warning
    PARTY `the regulator`
    MAY `issue warning`
    HENCE
        PARTY subject
        MUST `comply with warning`
        WITHIN 30
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST
            -- Level 2: Fine
            PARTY `the regulator`
            MAY `impose fine`
            HENCE
                PARTY subject
                MUST `pay fine and comply`
                WITHIN 14
                HENCE FULFILLED
                LEST
                    -- Level 3: Suspension
                    PARTY `the regulator`
                    MAY `suspend registration`
                    HENCE
                        PARTY subject
                        MUST `remedy and apply for reinstatement`
                        WITHIN 60
                        HENCE FULFILLED
                        LEST
                            -- Level 4: Removal
                            PARTY `the regulator`
                            MUST `remove from register`
                            HENCE BREACH

-- Escalation with bypass for serious violations
GIVEN violation IS A Violation
      subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`enforcement response` MEANS
    IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Critical
    THEN
        -- Immediate suspension for critical violations
        PARTY `the regulator`
        MUST `suspend immediately`
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY `the regulator` BECAUSE "failed to suspend critical violation"
    ELSE IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Serious
         THEN
             -- Skip warning for serious violations, go straight to fine
             PARTY `the regulator`
             MAY `impose fine`
             HENCE
                 PARTY subject
                 MUST `pay fine and comply`
                 WITHIN 14
                 HENCE FULFILLED
                 LEST BREACH BY subject BECAUSE "failed to pay fine"
         ELSE
             -- Start with warning for minor violations
             `escalation chain` subject

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 9: Grace Periods
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Payment with grace period before late fee applies
GIVEN debtor IS A Actor
      amount IS A NUMBER
      `the due date` IS A NUMBER
      `the grace period` IS A NUMBER
      `the late fee rate` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`payment with grace` MEANS
    PARTY debtor
    MUST `pay` amount
    WITHIN `the due date`
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST
        -- Grace period with late fee
        PARTY debtor
        MUST `pay with late fee` `the late amount`
        WITHIN `the grace deadline`
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST BREACH BY debtor BECAUSE "failed to pay within grace period"
    WHERE
        `the late amount` MEANS amount * (1 + `the late fee rate`)
        `the grace deadline` MEANS `the due date` + `the grace period`

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 10: Licence Renewal Procedure (Exercise Solution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Complete licence renewal procedure with:
-- 1. Apply 30 days before expiry
-- 2. 14-day grace period with late fee
-- 3. Suspension after grace period
-- 4. 60-day reinstatement window
-- 5. Revocation with 21-day appeal right

-- Placeholder functions for licence status changes
`licence suspended` MEANS FULFILLED
`licence revoked` MEANS FULFILLED
`appeal procedure` MEANS FULFILLED

GIVEN holder IS A `Licence Party`
      `the expiry date` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC `Licence Party` `Licence Action`
`licence renewal procedure` MEANS
    PARTY holder
    MUST `apply for renewal`
    WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30)  -- 30 days before expiry
    HENCE FULFILLED
    LEST
        -- Grace period with late fee
        PARTY holder
        MUST `apply with late fee`
        WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30 + 14)  -- 14 day grace period
        HENCE FULFILLED
        LEST
            -- Reinstatement period after suspension
            PARTY holder
            MAY `apply for reinstatement`
            WITHIN 60
            HENCE FULFILLED
            LEST
                -- Revocation with appeal right
                PARTY holder
                MAY `lodge licence appeal`
                WITHIN 21
                HENCE FULFILLED
                -- If no appeal filed, licence is revoked

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 11: Test Cases
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Test charity for examples
`the test charity` MEANS `Registered Charity` "Test Charity" "TC-001" Active

-- Test notice
`the test notice` MEANS `Required Steps Notice` "RSN-001" 0 (LIST "Update records", "Submit report") 30

-- Test violations
`a minor violation` MEANS Violation "Late filing" 500 Minor
`a serious violation` MEANS Violation "Missing records" 2000 Serious
`a critical violation` MEANS Violation "Fraud detected" 10000 Critical

-- Test 1: Basic deadline obligation fulfilled
#TRACE `obligation within days` `the Commissioner` `take action` 14 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `take action` AT 10

-- Test 2: Basic deadline obligation breached
#TRACE `obligation within days` `the Commissioner` `take action` 14 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `take action` AT 20

-- Test 3: Required steps procedure - charity complies
#TRACE `required steps procedure` `the test charity` `the test notice` AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `serve Required Steps Notice` AT 1
    PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `take required steps` `the test notice` AT 20
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `publish compliance` AT 30

-- Test 4: Required steps procedure - charity fails to comply
#TRACE `required steps procedure` `the test charity` `the test notice` AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `serve Required Steps Notice` AT 1
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `deregister charity` AT 40

-- Test 5: Payment with grace period - paid on time
#TRACE `payment with grace` `the Commissioner` 1000 30 10 0.1 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay` 1000 AT 25

-- Test 6: Payment with grace period - paid during grace
#TRACE `payment with grace` `the Commissioner` 1000 30 10 0.1 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay with late fee` 1100 AT 38

-- Test 7: Escalation chain - complies at warning stage
#TRACE `escalation chain` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the regulator` DOES `issue warning` AT 1
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `comply with warning` AT 20

-- Test 8: Enforcement response for minor violation
#TRACE `enforcement response` `a minor violation` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the regulator` DOES `issue warning` AT 1
    PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `comply with warning` AT 20

-- Test 9: Enforcement response for critical violation
#TRACE `enforcement response` `a critical violation` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the regulator` DOES `suspend immediately` AT 1

-- Test 10: Licence renewal - on time
`the test holder` MEANS Holder "Test Holder"
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 60

-- Test 11: Licence renewal - late with fee
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply with late fee` AT 78

-- Test 12: Licence renewal - reinstatement
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
    PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for reinstatement` AT 100

Summary

Pattern When to Use
Timing Any deadline requirement
Notice-and-Cure Violations with opportunity to fix
Appeals Decisions that can be challenged
Escalation Graduated enforcement responses
Grace Periods Soft deadlines with delayed consequences

Key principle: Abstract common patterns into reusable functions rather than duplicating code.

What's Next?

In Module A3: Contracts in Depth, you'll learn advanced contract modeling including complex payment terms, recursive obligations, and penalty structures.