Module A2: Cross-cutting concerns
In this module, you'll learn patterns for concerns that span multiple rules: timing, notices, appeals, and escalation. Find a full working example at the end.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
- Model complex timing requirements
- Implement notice-and-cure patterns
- Build appeal procedures
- Create escalation chains
Cross-Cutting Concerns
Some patterns appear repeatedly across legal rules:
| Concern | Example |
|---|---|
| Timing | "within 30 days", "as soon as practicable" |
| Notices | "Commissioner may issue notice", "cure period" |
| Appeals | "may appeal within 21 days" |
| Escalation | Warning → Penalty → Suspension → Removal |
| Grace Periods | "10-day grace period before late fee" |
Rather than copy-paste these patterns, we create reusable abstractions.
Timing Patterns
Basic Deadlines
-- Simple deadline: fixed number of days
GIVEN party IS A Actor
action IS A Action
deadline IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation within days` MEANS
PARTY party
MUST action
WITHIN deadline
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH
Relative Deadlines
Deadlines relative to events:
-- "Within 30 days of receiving notice"
GIVEN party IS A Actor
action IS A Action
`the trigger date` IS A NUMBER -- Day number when trigger occurred
`the day limit` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation after trigger` MEANS
PARTY party
MUST action
WITHIN (`the trigger date` + `the day limit`)
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH
"As Soon As Practicable"
Vague statutory language requires interpretation:
-- Common interpretations of "as soon as practicable"
DECLARE `Practicable Deadline` IS ONE OF
Immediate -- Within 24 hours
Prompt -- Within 7 days
Reasonable -- Within 14 days
Extended -- Within 30 days
GIVEN timing IS A `Practicable Deadline`
GIVETH A NUMBER
`practicable days` MEANS
CONSIDER timing
WHEN Immediate THEN 1
WHEN Prompt THEN 7
WHEN Reasonable THEN 14
WHEN Extended THEN 30
Business Days vs Calendar Days
-- Rough conversion: 5 business days ≈ 7 calendar days
GIVEN `business days` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A NUMBER
`to calendar days` MEANS
(`business days` * 7) / 5
-- 10 business days
`ten business days` MEANS `to calendar days` 10 -- ≈ 14 calendar days
Notice-and-Cure Pattern
Many regulations follow a notice-and-cure pattern:
- Violation detected
- Notice issued with deadline
- Cure period to fix the issue
- Consequence if not cured
Generic Notice-and-Cure
GIVEN regulator IS A Actor
regulated IS A Actor
violation IS A STRING
`the cure period` IS A NUMBER
`the consequence` IS A Action
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`notice and cure` MEANS
PARTY regulator
MAY `issue warning notice` violation
HENCE
PARTY regulated
MUST `cure violation`
WITHIN `the cure period`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
PARTY regulator
MAY `the consequence`
HENCE BREACH BY regulated BECAUSE "failed to cure violation"
-- If notice not issued, no further action required
Real Example: Required Steps Notice
From the Jersey Charities Law:
-- Article 27: Required Steps Notice procedure
DECLARE `Required Steps Notice`
HAS `the notice id` IS A STRING
`the issued date` IS A NUMBER
`the steps` IS A LIST OF STRING
`the deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
notice IS A `Required Steps Notice`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`required steps procedure` MEANS
-- Commissioner issues notice
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `serve Required Steps Notice`
WITHIN 30
HENCE (
-- Charity must comply
PARTY `the charity` charity
MUST `take required steps` notice
WITHIN notice's `the deadline`
HENCE
-- If complied, Commissioner MUST publish
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `publish compliance`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to publish compliance"
LEST
-- If not complied, Commissioner MAY deregister
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MAY `deregister charity`
HENCE BREACH BY (`the charity` charity) BECAUSE "failed to take required steps"
)
LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to serve notice"
Appeal Procedures
Appeals are a special pattern: they suspend the original decision and create a new proceeding.
Generic Appeal Structure
-- Standard appeal pattern
DECLARE `Appeal Outcome` IS ONE OF
`appeal allowed`
`appeal dismissed`
`appeal partially allowed` HAS `the modifications` IS A STRING
GIVEN appellant IS A Actor
`the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`right to appeal` MEANS
PARTY appellant
MAY `lodge appeal`
WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
HENCE
-- Appeal body must decide
PARTY `the appeal body`
MUST `determine appeal`
WITHIN 90 -- Typical statutory deadline
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal in time"
Appeal with Suspension Effect
-- Appeal suspends the original decision
GIVEN decision IS A Decision
appellant IS A Actor
`the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`suspensive appeal` MEANS
PARTY appellant
MAY `lodge appeal against` decision
WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
HENCE
-- Appeal must be determined
PARTY `the appeal body`
MUST `determine appeal against` decision
WITHIN 90
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal"
Real Example: Charity Decision Appeals
Article 33 lets a charity appeal a decision of the Commissioner to the Royal Court within 21 days. What happens next depends on what the court decides, so the court's action carries its outcome (`decide the appeal` HAS `the outcome` IS A `Court Decision`), and the rule names that outcome and passes it on:
-- What the Royal Court's decision leads to
GIVEN outcome IS A `Court Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`the effect of the court's decision` MEANS
CONSIDER outcome
WHEN Upheld THEN FULFILLED
WHEN Quashed THEN
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `withdraw the decision`
WITHIN 7
WHEN Varied `the new decision` THEN
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `make the varied decision` (EXACTLY `the new decision`)
WITHIN 7
-- Article 33: Appeal Commissioner decision to Royal Court
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
decision IS A `Commissioner Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`appeal commissioner decision` MEANS
PARTY `the charity` charity
MAY `appeal to the Royal Court` (EXACTLY decision)
WITHIN 21 -- 21 days from notification
HENCE
-- No statutory deadline for the hearing, so no WITHIN
PARTY `the Royal Court`
MUST `decide the appeal` outcome
HENCE `the effect of the court's decision` outcome
In MUST `decide the appeal` outcome, outcome is a new name: it matches whatever outcome the court's event carries, and HENCE can use it. EXACTLY does the opposite: (EXACTLY decision) only matches an appeal against this decision. The tests at the end of the
-- Module A2: Cross-Cutting Concerns - Examples
-- This file demonstrates patterns for concerns that span multiple rules:
-- timing, notices, appeals, escalation, and grace periods.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 1: Type Definitions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Actor types for various procedures
DECLARE Actor IS ONE OF
`the Commissioner`
`the charity` HAS `the charity record` IS A `Registered Charity`
`the regulator`
`the appeal body`
`the Royal Court`
-- Separate party type for licence procedures
DECLARE `Licence Party` IS ONE OF
Holder HAS `the holder name` IS A STRING
-- Action types for regulatory procedures
DECLARE Action IS ONE OF
`take action`
`comply with requirement`
`issue warning notice` HAS `the violation` IS A STRING
`cure violation`
`impose penalty`
`serve Required Steps Notice`
`take required steps` HAS `the notice` IS A `Required Steps Notice`
`publish compliance`
`deregister charity`
`lodge appeal`
`determine appeal`
`lodge appeal against` HAS `the decision` IS A Decision
`determine appeal against` HAS `the decision` IS A Decision
`appeal to the Royal Court` HAS `the decision appealed` IS A `Commissioner Decision`
`decide the appeal` HAS `the outcome` IS A `Court Decision`
`withdraw the decision`
`make the varied decision` HAS `the varied decision` IS A Decision
`issue warning`
`comply with warning`
`impose fine`
`pay fine and comply`
`suspend registration`
`remedy and apply for reinstatement`
`remove from register`
`suspend immediately`
`pay` HAS `the payment amount` IS A NUMBER
`pay with late fee` HAS `the total amount` IS A NUMBER
-- Licence actions
DECLARE `Licence Action` IS ONE OF
`apply for renewal`
`apply with late fee`
`apply for reinstatement`
`lodge licence appeal`
-- Severity levels for violations
DECLARE Severity IS ONE OF
Minor
Serious
Critical
-- Violation record
DECLARE Violation
HAS `the description` IS A STRING
`the penalty` IS A NUMBER
`the severity` IS A Severity
-- Charity types
DECLARE `Charity Status` IS ONE OF
Active
Suspended
Dissolved
DECLARE `Registered Charity`
HAS `the charity name` IS A STRING
`the registration number` IS A STRING
`the status` IS A `Charity Status`
-- Decision types
DECLARE Decision
HAS `the decision id` IS A STRING
`the description` IS A STRING
DECLARE `Commissioner Decision`
HAS `the decision id` IS A STRING
`the decision type` IS A STRING
`the affected charity` IS A `Registered Charity`
-- Court decision outcomes
DECLARE `Court Decision` IS ONE OF
Upheld
Quashed
Varied HAS `the new decision` IS A Decision
-- Notice types
DECLARE `Required Steps Notice`
HAS `the notice id` IS A STRING
`the issued date` IS A NUMBER
`the steps` IS A LIST OF STRING
`the deadline` IS A NUMBER
-- Practicable deadline interpretations
DECLARE `Practicable Deadline` IS ONE OF
Immediate -- Within 24 hours
Prompt -- Within 7 days
Reasonable -- Within 14 days
Extended -- Within 30 days
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 2: Timing Patterns
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Convert "as soon as practicable" to specific day count
GIVEN timing IS A `Practicable Deadline`
GIVETH A NUMBER
`practicable days` MEANS
CONSIDER timing
WHEN Immediate THEN 1
WHEN Prompt THEN 7
WHEN Reasonable THEN 14
WHEN Extended THEN 30
-- Convert business days to calendar days (approximate)
-- 5 business days ≈ 7 calendar days
GIVEN `business days` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A NUMBER
`to calendar days` MEANS (`business days` * 7) / 5
-- Example: 10 business days converted
`ten business days` MEANS `to calendar days` 10 -- ≈ 14 calendar days
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 3: Basic Deadline Obligations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Simple deadline: fixed number of days
GIVEN party IS A Actor
action IS A Action
deadline IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation within days` MEANS
PARTY party
MUST action
WITHIN deadline
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH
-- Relative deadline: within N days after a trigger event
GIVEN party IS A Actor
action IS A Action
`the trigger date` IS A NUMBER -- Day number when trigger occurred
`the day limit` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation after trigger` MEANS
PARTY party
MUST action
WITHIN (`the trigger date` + `the day limit`)
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 4: Notice-and-Cure Pattern
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Generic notice-and-cure: violation detected, notice issued, cure period,
-- then consequence if not cured
GIVEN regulator IS A Actor
regulated IS A Actor
violation IS A STRING
`the cure period` IS A NUMBER
`the consequence` IS A Action
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`notice and cure` MEANS
PARTY regulator
MAY `issue warning notice` violation
HENCE
PARTY regulated
MUST `cure violation`
WITHIN `the cure period`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
PARTY regulator
MAY `the consequence`
HENCE BREACH BY regulated BECAUSE "failed to cure violation"
-- If notice not issued, no further action required
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 5: Required Steps Notice (Jersey Charities Law Example)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Article 27: Required Steps Notice procedure
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
notice IS A `Required Steps Notice`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`required steps procedure` MEANS
-- Commissioner issues notice
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `serve Required Steps Notice`
WITHIN 30
HENCE (
-- Charity must comply
PARTY `the charity` charity
MUST `take required steps` notice
WITHIN notice's `the deadline`
HENCE
-- If complied, Commissioner MUST publish
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `publish compliance`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to publish compliance"
LEST
-- If not complied, Commissioner MAY deregister
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MAY `deregister charity`
HENCE BREACH BY (`the charity` charity) BECAUSE "failed to take required steps"
)
LEST
BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to serve notice"
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-- SECTION 6: Appeal Procedures
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Standard appeal pattern
DECLARE `Appeal Outcome` IS ONE OF
`appeal allowed`
`appeal dismissed`
`appeal partially allowed` HAS `the modifications` IS A STRING
-- Right to appeal with deadline
GIVEN appellant IS A Actor
`the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`right to appeal` MEANS
PARTY appellant
MAY `lodge appeal`
WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
HENCE
-- Appeal body must decide
PARTY `the appeal body`
MUST `determine appeal`
WITHIN 90 -- Typical statutory deadline
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal in time"
-- Appeal with suspension effect
GIVEN decision IS A Decision
appellant IS A Actor
`the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`suspensive appeal` MEANS
PARTY appellant
MAY `lodge appeal against` decision
WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
HENCE
-- Appeal must be determined
PARTY `the appeal body`
MUST `determine appeal against` decision
WITHIN 90
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 7: Article 33 - Appeal to Royal Court (Jersey Charities Law)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- What the Royal Court's decision leads to
GIVEN outcome IS A `Court Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`the effect of the court's decision` MEANS
CONSIDER outcome
WHEN Upheld THEN FULFILLED
WHEN Quashed THEN
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `withdraw the decision`
WITHIN 7
WHEN Varied `the new decision` THEN
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `make the varied decision` (EXACTLY `the new decision`)
WITHIN 7
-- Article 33: Appeal Commissioner decision to Royal Court
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
decision IS A `Commissioner Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`appeal commissioner decision` MEANS
PARTY `the charity` charity
MAY `appeal to the Royal Court` (EXACTLY decision)
WITHIN 21 -- 21 days from notification
HENCE
-- No statutory deadline for the hearing, so no WITHIN
PARTY `the Royal Court`
MUST `decide the appeal` outcome
HENCE `the effect of the court's decision` outcome
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 8: Escalation Chains
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Escalation: Warning → Fine → Suspension → Removal
GIVEN subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`escalation chain` MEANS
-- Level 1: Warning
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `issue warning`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `comply with warning`
WITHIN 30
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 2: Fine
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `impose fine`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `pay fine and comply`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 3: Suspension
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `suspend registration`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `remedy and apply for reinstatement`
WITHIN 60
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 4: Removal
PARTY `the regulator`
MUST `remove from register`
HENCE BREACH
-- Escalation with bypass for serious violations
GIVEN violation IS A Violation
subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`enforcement response` MEANS
IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Critical
THEN
-- Immediate suspension for critical violations
PARTY `the regulator`
MUST `suspend immediately`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the regulator` BECAUSE "failed to suspend critical violation"
ELSE IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Serious
THEN
-- Skip warning for serious violations, go straight to fine
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `impose fine`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `pay fine and comply`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY subject BECAUSE "failed to pay fine"
ELSE
-- Start with warning for minor violations
`escalation chain` subject
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 9: Grace Periods
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Payment with grace period before late fee applies
GIVEN debtor IS A Actor
amount IS A NUMBER
`the due date` IS A NUMBER
`the grace period` IS A NUMBER
`the late fee rate` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`payment with grace` MEANS
PARTY debtor
MUST `pay` amount
WITHIN `the due date`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Grace period with late fee
PARTY debtor
MUST `pay with late fee` `the late amount`
WITHIN `the grace period`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY debtor BECAUSE "failed to pay within grace period"
WHERE
`the late amount` MEANS amount * (1 + `the late fee rate`)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 10: Licence Renewal Procedure (Exercise Solution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Complete licence renewal procedure with:
-- 1. Apply 30 days before expiry
-- 2. 14-day grace period with late fee
-- 3. Suspension after grace period
-- 4. 60-day reinstatement window
-- 5. Revocation with 21-day appeal right
-- Placeholder functions for licence status changes
`licence suspended` MEANS FULFILLED
`licence revoked` MEANS FULFILLED
`appeal procedure` MEANS FULFILLED
GIVEN holder IS A `Licence Party`
`the expiry date` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC `Licence Party` `Licence Action`
`licence renewal procedure` MEANS
PARTY holder
MUST `apply for renewal`
WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30) -- 30 days before expiry
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Grace period with late fee
PARTY holder
MUST `apply with late fee`
WITHIN 14 -- 14 day grace period, from when the first deadline is missed
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Reinstatement period after suspension
-- DO: an option. Doing it leads to HENCE, letting the time pass to LEST.
-- (A MAY would never reach its LEST.)
PARTY holder
DO `apply for reinstatement`
WITHIN 60
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Revocation with appeal right
PARTY holder
MAY `lodge licence appeal`
WITHIN 21
HENCE FULFILLED
-- If no appeal filed, licence is revoked
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 11: Test Cases
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Test charity for examples
`the test charity` MEANS `Registered Charity` "Test Charity" "TC-001" Active
-- Test notice
`the test notice` MEANS `Required Steps Notice` "RSN-001" 0 (LIST "Update records", "Submit report") 30
-- Test violations
`a minor violation` MEANS Violation "Late filing" 500 Minor
`a serious violation` MEANS Violation "Missing records" 2000 Serious
`a critical violation` MEANS Violation "Fraud detected" 10000 Critical
-- Test 1: Basic deadline obligation fulfilled
#TRACE `obligation within days` `the Commissioner` `take action` 14 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `take action` AT 10
-- Test 2: Basic deadline obligation breached
#TRACE `obligation within days` `the Commissioner` `take action` 14 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `take action` AT 20
-- Test 3: Required steps procedure - charity complies
#TRACE `required steps procedure` `the test charity` `the test notice` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `serve Required Steps Notice` AT 1
PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `take required steps` `the test notice` AT 20
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `publish compliance` AT 30
-- Test 4: Required steps procedure - charity fails to comply
#TRACE `required steps procedure` `the test charity` `the test notice` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `serve Required Steps Notice` AT 1
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `deregister charity` AT 40
-- Test 5: Payment with grace period - paid on time
#TRACE `payment with grace` `the Commissioner` 1000 30 10 0.1 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay` 1000 AT 25
-- Test 6: Payment with grace period - the payment on day 32 misses the
-- 30-day deadline and opens the 10-day grace period; the payment with the
-- late fee on day 38 is within it
#TRACE `payment with grace` `the Commissioner` 1000 30 10 0.1 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay` 1000 AT 32
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay with late fee` 1100 AT 38
-- Test 7: Escalation chain - complies at warning stage
#TRACE `escalation chain` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the regulator` DOES `issue warning` AT 1
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `comply with warning` AT 20
-- Test 8: Enforcement response for minor violation
#TRACE `enforcement response` `a minor violation` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the regulator` DOES `issue warning` AT 1
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `comply with warning` AT 20
-- Test 9: Enforcement response for critical violation
#TRACE `enforcement response` `a critical violation` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the regulator` DOES `suspend immediately` AT 1
-- Test 10: Licence renewal - on time
`the test holder` MEANS Holder "Test Holder"
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 60
-- Test 11: Licence renewal - late with fee: the application on day 75 misses
-- the day-70 deadline and opens the 14-day grace period; the late-fee
-- application on day 80 is within it
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 75
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply with late fee` AT 80
-- Test 12: Licence renewal - reinstatement: both deadlines are missed
-- (day 75, then day 95), and the holder applies for reinstatement on day 100
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 75
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply with late fee` AT 95
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for reinstatement` AT 100
-- Test 13: Article 33 appeal - the Royal Court quashes the decision,
-- and the Commissioner withdraws it within 7 days
`the test decision` MEANS `Commissioner Decision` "CD-001" "deregistration" `the test charity`
#TRACE `appeal commissioner decision` `the test charity` `the test decision` AT 0 WITH
PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `appeal to the Royal Court` `the test decision` AT 10
PARTY `the Royal Court` DOES `decide the appeal` Quashed AT 60
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `withdraw the decision` AT 62
-- Test 14: Article 33 appeal - the Royal Court varies the decision; the
-- result is the Commissioner's duty to make the varied decision
`the varied test decision` MEANS Decision "CD-001-V" "suspension for 3 months"
#TRACE `appeal commissioner decision` `the test charity` `the test decision` AT 0 WITH
PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `appeal to the Royal Court` `the test decision` AT 10
PARTY `the Royal Court` DOES `decide the appeal` (Varied `the varied test decision`) AT 60
run an appeal that is quashed and one that is varied.
Escalation Chains
Many enforcement regimes have graduated responses:
Generic Escalation
-- Escalation: Warning → Fine → Suspension → Removal
GIVEN subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`escalation chain` MEANS
-- Level 1: Warning
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `issue warning`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `comply with warning`
WITHIN 30
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 2: Fine
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `impose fine`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `pay fine and comply`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 3: Suspension
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `suspend registration`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `remedy and apply for reinstatement`
WITHIN 60
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 4: Removal
PARTY `the regulator`
MUST `remove from register`
HENCE BREACH
Escalation with Bypass
Sometimes serious violations skip early steps:
GIVEN violation IS A Violation
subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`enforcement response` MEANS
IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Critical
THEN
-- Immediate suspension for critical violations
PARTY `the regulator`
MUST `suspend immediately`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the regulator` BECAUSE "failed to suspend critical violation"
ELSE IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Serious
THEN
-- Skip warning for serious violations, go straight to fine
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `impose fine`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `pay fine and comply`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY subject BECAUSE "failed to pay fine"
ELSE
-- Start with warning for minor violations
`escalation chain` subject
Grace Periods
Grace periods delay consequences:
-- Payment with grace period before late fee applies
GIVEN debtor IS A Actor
amount IS A NUMBER
`the due date` IS A NUMBER
`the grace period` IS A NUMBER
`the late fee rate` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`payment with grace` MEANS
PARTY debtor
MUST `pay` amount
WITHIN `the due date`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Grace period with late fee
PARTY debtor
MUST `pay with late fee` `the late amount`
WITHIN `the grace period`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY debtor BECAUSE "failed to pay within grace period"
WHERE
`the late amount` MEANS amount * (1 + `the late fee rate`)
The grace period's WITHIN counts from the moment the first deadline is found to have passed, so it is `the grace period` itself, not the due date plus the grace period.
Exercise: Model a Procedure
Encode this procedure:
Licence Renewal Procedure:
- Licence holder must apply for renewal 30 days before expiry
- If not applied in time, 14-day grace period with late fee
- After grace period, licence suspended
- Suspended licence can be reinstated within 60 days by paying reinstatement fee
- After 60 days, licence is revoked with right to appeal within 21 days
Solution
-- Separate party type for licence procedures
DECLARE `Licence Party` IS ONE OF
Holder HAS `the holder name` IS A STRING
-- Licence actions
DECLARE `Licence Action` IS ONE OF
`apply for renewal`
`apply with late fee`
`apply for reinstatement`
`lodge licence appeal`
GIVEN holder IS A `Licence Party`
`the expiry date` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC `Licence Party` `Licence Action`
`licence renewal procedure` MEANS
PARTY holder
MUST `apply for renewal`
WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30) -- 30 days before expiry
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Grace period with late fee
PARTY holder
MUST `apply with late fee`
WITHIN 14 -- 14 day grace period, from when the first deadline is missed
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Reinstatement period after suspension
-- DO: an option. Doing it leads to HENCE, letting the time pass to LEST.
-- (A MAY would never reach its LEST.)
PARTY holder
DO `apply for reinstatement`
WITHIN 60
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Revocation with appeal right
PARTY holder
MAY `lodge licence appeal`
WITHIN 21
HENCE FULFILLED
-- If no appeal filed, licence is revoked
Full Example
-- Module A2: Cross-Cutting Concerns - Examples
-- This file demonstrates patterns for concerns that span multiple rules:
-- timing, notices, appeals, escalation, and grace periods.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 1: Type Definitions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Actor types for various procedures
DECLARE Actor IS ONE OF
`the Commissioner`
`the charity` HAS `the charity record` IS A `Registered Charity`
`the regulator`
`the appeal body`
`the Royal Court`
-- Separate party type for licence procedures
DECLARE `Licence Party` IS ONE OF
Holder HAS `the holder name` IS A STRING
-- Action types for regulatory procedures
DECLARE Action IS ONE OF
`take action`
`comply with requirement`
`issue warning notice` HAS `the violation` IS A STRING
`cure violation`
`impose penalty`
`serve Required Steps Notice`
`take required steps` HAS `the notice` IS A `Required Steps Notice`
`publish compliance`
`deregister charity`
`lodge appeal`
`determine appeal`
`lodge appeal against` HAS `the decision` IS A Decision
`determine appeal against` HAS `the decision` IS A Decision
`appeal to the Royal Court` HAS `the decision appealed` IS A `Commissioner Decision`
`decide the appeal` HAS `the outcome` IS A `Court Decision`
`withdraw the decision`
`make the varied decision` HAS `the varied decision` IS A Decision
`issue warning`
`comply with warning`
`impose fine`
`pay fine and comply`
`suspend registration`
`remedy and apply for reinstatement`
`remove from register`
`suspend immediately`
`pay` HAS `the payment amount` IS A NUMBER
`pay with late fee` HAS `the total amount` IS A NUMBER
-- Licence actions
DECLARE `Licence Action` IS ONE OF
`apply for renewal`
`apply with late fee`
`apply for reinstatement`
`lodge licence appeal`
-- Severity levels for violations
DECLARE Severity IS ONE OF
Minor
Serious
Critical
-- Violation record
DECLARE Violation
HAS `the description` IS A STRING
`the penalty` IS A NUMBER
`the severity` IS A Severity
-- Charity types
DECLARE `Charity Status` IS ONE OF
Active
Suspended
Dissolved
DECLARE `Registered Charity`
HAS `the charity name` IS A STRING
`the registration number` IS A STRING
`the status` IS A `Charity Status`
-- Decision types
DECLARE Decision
HAS `the decision id` IS A STRING
`the description` IS A STRING
DECLARE `Commissioner Decision`
HAS `the decision id` IS A STRING
`the decision type` IS A STRING
`the affected charity` IS A `Registered Charity`
-- Court decision outcomes
DECLARE `Court Decision` IS ONE OF
Upheld
Quashed
Varied HAS `the new decision` IS A Decision
-- Notice types
DECLARE `Required Steps Notice`
HAS `the notice id` IS A STRING
`the issued date` IS A NUMBER
`the steps` IS A LIST OF STRING
`the deadline` IS A NUMBER
-- Practicable deadline interpretations
DECLARE `Practicable Deadline` IS ONE OF
Immediate -- Within 24 hours
Prompt -- Within 7 days
Reasonable -- Within 14 days
Extended -- Within 30 days
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 2: Timing Patterns
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Convert "as soon as practicable" to specific day count
GIVEN timing IS A `Practicable Deadline`
GIVETH A NUMBER
`practicable days` MEANS
CONSIDER timing
WHEN Immediate THEN 1
WHEN Prompt THEN 7
WHEN Reasonable THEN 14
WHEN Extended THEN 30
-- Convert business days to calendar days (approximate)
-- 5 business days ≈ 7 calendar days
GIVEN `business days` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A NUMBER
`to calendar days` MEANS (`business days` * 7) / 5
-- Example: 10 business days converted
`ten business days` MEANS `to calendar days` 10 -- ≈ 14 calendar days
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 3: Basic Deadline Obligations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Simple deadline: fixed number of days
GIVEN party IS A Actor
action IS A Action
deadline IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation within days` MEANS
PARTY party
MUST action
WITHIN deadline
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH
-- Relative deadline: within N days after a trigger event
GIVEN party IS A Actor
action IS A Action
`the trigger date` IS A NUMBER -- Day number when trigger occurred
`the day limit` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`obligation after trigger` MEANS
PARTY party
MUST action
WITHIN (`the trigger date` + `the day limit`)
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 4: Notice-and-Cure Pattern
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Generic notice-and-cure: violation detected, notice issued, cure period,
-- then consequence if not cured
GIVEN regulator IS A Actor
regulated IS A Actor
violation IS A STRING
`the cure period` IS A NUMBER
`the consequence` IS A Action
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`notice and cure` MEANS
PARTY regulator
MAY `issue warning notice` violation
HENCE
PARTY regulated
MUST `cure violation`
WITHIN `the cure period`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
PARTY regulator
MAY `the consequence`
HENCE BREACH BY regulated BECAUSE "failed to cure violation"
-- If notice not issued, no further action required
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 5: Required Steps Notice (Jersey Charities Law Example)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Article 27: Required Steps Notice procedure
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
notice IS A `Required Steps Notice`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`required steps procedure` MEANS
-- Commissioner issues notice
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `serve Required Steps Notice`
WITHIN 30
HENCE (
-- Charity must comply
PARTY `the charity` charity
MUST `take required steps` notice
WITHIN notice's `the deadline`
HENCE
-- If complied, Commissioner MUST publish
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `publish compliance`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to publish compliance"
LEST
-- If not complied, Commissioner MAY deregister
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MAY `deregister charity`
HENCE BREACH BY (`the charity` charity) BECAUSE "failed to take required steps"
)
LEST
BREACH BY `the Commissioner` BECAUSE "failed to serve notice"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 6: Appeal Procedures
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Standard appeal pattern
DECLARE `Appeal Outcome` IS ONE OF
`appeal allowed`
`appeal dismissed`
`appeal partially allowed` HAS `the modifications` IS A STRING
-- Right to appeal with deadline
GIVEN appellant IS A Actor
`the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`right to appeal` MEANS
PARTY appellant
MAY `lodge appeal`
WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
HENCE
-- Appeal body must decide
PARTY `the appeal body`
MUST `determine appeal`
WITHIN 90 -- Typical statutory deadline
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal in time"
-- Appeal with suspension effect
GIVEN decision IS A Decision
appellant IS A Actor
`the appeal deadline` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`suspensive appeal` MEANS
PARTY appellant
MAY `lodge appeal against` decision
WITHIN `the appeal deadline`
HENCE
-- Appeal must be determined
PARTY `the appeal body`
MUST `determine appeal against` decision
WITHIN 90
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the appeal body` BECAUSE "failed to determine appeal"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 7: Article 33 - Appeal to Royal Court (Jersey Charities Law)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- What the Royal Court's decision leads to
GIVEN outcome IS A `Court Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`the effect of the court's decision` MEANS
CONSIDER outcome
WHEN Upheld THEN FULFILLED
WHEN Quashed THEN
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `withdraw the decision`
WITHIN 7
WHEN Varied `the new decision` THEN
PARTY `the Commissioner`
MUST `make the varied decision` (EXACTLY `the new decision`)
WITHIN 7
-- Article 33: Appeal Commissioner decision to Royal Court
GIVEN charity IS A `Registered Charity`
decision IS A `Commissioner Decision`
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`appeal commissioner decision` MEANS
PARTY `the charity` charity
MAY `appeal to the Royal Court` (EXACTLY decision)
WITHIN 21 -- 21 days from notification
HENCE
-- No statutory deadline for the hearing, so no WITHIN
PARTY `the Royal Court`
MUST `decide the appeal` outcome
HENCE `the effect of the court's decision` outcome
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 8: Escalation Chains
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Escalation: Warning → Fine → Suspension → Removal
GIVEN subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`escalation chain` MEANS
-- Level 1: Warning
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `issue warning`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `comply with warning`
WITHIN 30
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 2: Fine
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `impose fine`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `pay fine and comply`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 3: Suspension
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `suspend registration`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `remedy and apply for reinstatement`
WITHIN 60
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Level 4: Removal
PARTY `the regulator`
MUST `remove from register`
HENCE BREACH
-- Escalation with bypass for serious violations
GIVEN violation IS A Violation
subject IS A Actor
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`enforcement response` MEANS
IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Critical
THEN
-- Immediate suspension for critical violations
PARTY `the regulator`
MUST `suspend immediately`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY `the regulator` BECAUSE "failed to suspend critical violation"
ELSE IF violation's `the severity` EQUALS Serious
THEN
-- Skip warning for serious violations, go straight to fine
PARTY `the regulator`
MAY `impose fine`
HENCE
PARTY subject
MUST `pay fine and comply`
WITHIN 14
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY subject BECAUSE "failed to pay fine"
ELSE
-- Start with warning for minor violations
`escalation chain` subject
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 9: Grace Periods
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Payment with grace period before late fee applies
GIVEN debtor IS A Actor
amount IS A NUMBER
`the due date` IS A NUMBER
`the grace period` IS A NUMBER
`the late fee rate` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC Actor Action
`payment with grace` MEANS
PARTY debtor
MUST `pay` amount
WITHIN `the due date`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Grace period with late fee
PARTY debtor
MUST `pay with late fee` `the late amount`
WITHIN `the grace period`
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST BREACH BY debtor BECAUSE "failed to pay within grace period"
WHERE
`the late amount` MEANS amount * (1 + `the late fee rate`)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 10: Licence Renewal Procedure (Exercise Solution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Complete licence renewal procedure with:
-- 1. Apply 30 days before expiry
-- 2. 14-day grace period with late fee
-- 3. Suspension after grace period
-- 4. 60-day reinstatement window
-- 5. Revocation with 21-day appeal right
-- Placeholder functions for licence status changes
`licence suspended` MEANS FULFILLED
`licence revoked` MEANS FULFILLED
`appeal procedure` MEANS FULFILLED
GIVEN holder IS A `Licence Party`
`the expiry date` IS A NUMBER
GIVETH A DEONTIC `Licence Party` `Licence Action`
`licence renewal procedure` MEANS
PARTY holder
MUST `apply for renewal`
WITHIN (`the expiry date` - 30) -- 30 days before expiry
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Grace period with late fee
PARTY holder
MUST `apply with late fee`
WITHIN 14 -- 14 day grace period, from when the first deadline is missed
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Reinstatement period after suspension
-- DO: an option. Doing it leads to HENCE, letting the time pass to LEST.
-- (A MAY would never reach its LEST.)
PARTY holder
DO `apply for reinstatement`
WITHIN 60
HENCE FULFILLED
LEST
-- Revocation with appeal right
PARTY holder
MAY `lodge licence appeal`
WITHIN 21
HENCE FULFILLED
-- If no appeal filed, licence is revoked
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- SECTION 11: Test Cases
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Test charity for examples
`the test charity` MEANS `Registered Charity` "Test Charity" "TC-001" Active
-- Test notice
`the test notice` MEANS `Required Steps Notice` "RSN-001" 0 (LIST "Update records", "Submit report") 30
-- Test violations
`a minor violation` MEANS Violation "Late filing" 500 Minor
`a serious violation` MEANS Violation "Missing records" 2000 Serious
`a critical violation` MEANS Violation "Fraud detected" 10000 Critical
-- Test 1: Basic deadline obligation fulfilled
#TRACE `obligation within days` `the Commissioner` `take action` 14 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `take action` AT 10
-- Test 2: Basic deadline obligation breached
#TRACE `obligation within days` `the Commissioner` `take action` 14 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `take action` AT 20
-- Test 3: Required steps procedure - charity complies
#TRACE `required steps procedure` `the test charity` `the test notice` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `serve Required Steps Notice` AT 1
PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `take required steps` `the test notice` AT 20
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `publish compliance` AT 30
-- Test 4: Required steps procedure - charity fails to comply
#TRACE `required steps procedure` `the test charity` `the test notice` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `serve Required Steps Notice` AT 1
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `deregister charity` AT 40
-- Test 5: Payment with grace period - paid on time
#TRACE `payment with grace` `the Commissioner` 1000 30 10 0.1 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay` 1000 AT 25
-- Test 6: Payment with grace period - the payment on day 32 misses the
-- 30-day deadline and opens the 10-day grace period; the payment with the
-- late fee on day 38 is within it
#TRACE `payment with grace` `the Commissioner` 1000 30 10 0.1 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay` 1000 AT 32
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `pay with late fee` 1100 AT 38
-- Test 7: Escalation chain - complies at warning stage
#TRACE `escalation chain` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the regulator` DOES `issue warning` AT 1
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `comply with warning` AT 20
-- Test 8: Enforcement response for minor violation
#TRACE `enforcement response` `a minor violation` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the regulator` DOES `issue warning` AT 1
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `comply with warning` AT 20
-- Test 9: Enforcement response for critical violation
#TRACE `enforcement response` `a critical violation` `the Commissioner` AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the regulator` DOES `suspend immediately` AT 1
-- Test 10: Licence renewal - on time
`the test holder` MEANS Holder "Test Holder"
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 60
-- Test 11: Licence renewal - late with fee: the application on day 75 misses
-- the day-70 deadline and opens the 14-day grace period; the late-fee
-- application on day 80 is within it
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 75
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply with late fee` AT 80
-- Test 12: Licence renewal - reinstatement: both deadlines are missed
-- (day 75, then day 95), and the holder applies for reinstatement on day 100
#TRACE `licence renewal procedure` `the test holder` 100 AT 0 WITH
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for renewal` AT 75
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply with late fee` AT 95
PARTY `the test holder` DOES `apply for reinstatement` AT 100
-- Test 13: Article 33 appeal - the Royal Court quashes the decision,
-- and the Commissioner withdraws it within 7 days
`the test decision` MEANS `Commissioner Decision` "CD-001" "deregistration" `the test charity`
#TRACE `appeal commissioner decision` `the test charity` `the test decision` AT 0 WITH
PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `appeal to the Royal Court` `the test decision` AT 10
PARTY `the Royal Court` DOES `decide the appeal` Quashed AT 60
PARTY `the Commissioner` DOES `withdraw the decision` AT 62
-- Test 14: Article 33 appeal - the Royal Court varies the decision; the
-- result is the Commissioner's duty to make the varied decision
`the varied test decision` MEANS Decision "CD-001-V" "suspension for 3 months"
#TRACE `appeal commissioner decision` `the test charity` `the test decision` AT 0 WITH
PARTY (`the charity` `the test charity`) DOES `appeal to the Royal Court` `the test decision` AT 10
PARTY `the Royal Court` DOES `decide the appeal` (Varied `the varied test decision`) AT 60
Summary
| Pattern | When to Use |
|---|---|
| Timing | Any deadline requirement |
| Notice-and-Cure | Violations with opportunity to fix |
| Appeals | Decisions that can be challenged |
| Escalation | Graduated enforcement responses |
| Grace Periods | Soft deadlines with delayed consequences |
Key principle: Abstract common patterns into reusable functions rather than duplicating code.
Next, Module A3: Contracts in depth covers complex payment terms, recursive obligations and penalty structures.